Hum aksar yeh sunte hain ke mazhab aur science do alag-alag, aur hamesha takraar mein rehne waale, shobay hain. Yeh ek aam khayal hai jo log aam taur par Galileo Galilei ke waqiye ki misal dekar sabit karne ki koshish karte hain. Galileo, ek scientist jisay uske ilmi nazariyat ki wajah se saza di gayi, uski kahani ko science vs religion ki hamesha chalne waali jung ka saboot samjha jaata hai.
Lekin kya yeh tasveer mukammal hai? Kya har mazhab ne har daur mein science ke raaste mein rukawat daali hai? Is sawal ka jawab itna aasan nahi hai. Jab hum taareekh ko thoda gehrai se dekhte hain, to hamein mukhtalif jawab milte hain. Is article mein, hum is aam khayal ki haqeeqat jaanchne ke liye na sirf Galileo ke waqiye ka wazahat se mutala karenge, balki hum khaas taur par Islami tareekh mein science ke muqaam aur science vs islam ke safar ko samjhenge. Hum dekhenge ke kis tarah Islam mein ilm ko ibadat samjha gaya aur kaise Muslim scientists ne aisi bunyad rakhi jis par aaj modern science ki imarat khari hai.
Key Takeaways / Aham Nukat
- Science vs religion ki jung ka nazariya ek Hasty Generalization hai, jo aik ya chand waqiyat ki bunyad par ek bada nateeja nikalta hai.
- Galileo ka waqia sirf science vs religion ka masla nahi tha, balki ismein siyasat, shakhsi ranjishein, aur us waqt ke ilmi maahol ka gehra asar shaamil tha.
- Islami tareekh mein, khaas taur par Islamic Golden Age mein, science vs islam ki takraar ke bajaye, ilm aur iman ka gehra aur mazboot talluq tha.
- Muslim scientists ne Ibn al-Haytham aur Al-Khwarizmi jaisi shaksiyaton ne science ki bunyadi dalilein aur usool (principles) pesh kiye, jo modern science ka hissa hain.
- Kisi bhi tehzeeb ki science uske ehlaqi aur bunyadi nazriyat se judi hoti hai. Isiliye, har tehzeeb ki kahani mukhtalif hai.
Europe Mein Science Aur Mazhab Ka Rishta
Aitraz No. 1: “Mazhab Ne Hamesha Science Ko Roka Hai.”
Yeh aitraz science vs religion ki behas mein sab se zyada use hone waala nuskha hai. Is aitraz ko pesh karte waqt aksar Galileo Galilei ki misal di jaati hai. Yeh kaha jata hai ke Catholic Church ne Galileo ko sirf is liye saza di kyunke usne yeh daawa kiya ke zameen sooraj ke gird ghoomti hai, jo ke unke mazhabi aqeedon ke khilaaf tha. Yeh aitraz sunkar log yeh maante hain ke European Church har tarah ki science ke khilaaf thi, lekin jab hum taareekh ko gehri nazar se dekhte hain, to pata chalta hai ke waqia itna asaan aur saadah nahi tha. Galileo ki saza ke peeche kai wajuhaat theen, jismein siyasat, shakhsi takraar, aur us waqt ke maahol ka gehra asar shaamil hai.1
Is aitraz ko hum ek aam Logical Fallacy ki misal se samjhate hain. Isko Hasty Generalization kehte hain. Yeh ek aisi ghalti hai jahan asal dalil ko chhod kar uski ek kamzor aur ghalat shakal ko pesh kiya jata hai aur phir uss ghalat shakal ko ghalat sabit kiya jata hai. Galileo ke waqiye ka aam bayan uski aik perfect misal hai. Yeh kahani ek pecheeda, kai sadiyon par phaili hui taareekh, jismein farsi aur Greek falsafa bhi shaamil tha, ko sirf ek mauke par mehdood kar deti hai. Is tarah se, asli aur gehri wajuhaat ko chhipaya jata hai aur
science vs. religion ki ek aam aur saral tasveer banai jati hai, jise asani se ghalat sabit kiya ja sake.
Haqeeqat Ka Tanazur
Galileo ka masla sirf mazhabi ikhtilaf nahi tha. Woh apne hum-asuron aur mukhalifeen se takraar mein rehte the. Unka lehja aksar sarsari (sarcastic) tha, jiski wajah se unhone kaafi dushman bana liye the. Unke dushmano ne unki shakhsiyat aur mizaj ko unke khilaf istimal kiya. Is tarah ke shakhsi hamle ko
Ad Hominem Fallacy kehte hain – jab aap kisi ki dalil ko ghalat sabit karne ki bajaye uski zaat par hamla karte hain. Galileo ke mukhalifeen, jismein Jesuit bhi shaamil the, ne unke mizaj ka faida uthaya aur unke khilaf saazish ki.
Is waqiye ka sab se ahem pehlu us waqt ke Pope Urban VIII ka kirdaar hai. Woh pehle Galileo ke dost aur sarparast (patron) the, aur unke ilmi kaam ki qadar karte the. Unhone Galileo ko Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems jaisi kitaab likhne ki ijazat bhi di thi.1 Lekin, jab Galileo ne apni is kitaab mein Pope ki dalilon ko ek “simpleton” (saada-loh) kirdaar se joda, to unki dosti aur sarparasti khatam ho gayi. Is personal ranjish ne is masle ko ek naya mod diya, aur Pope ne Roman Inquisition ko dobara jaanch ka hukm diya.3 Is se saaf zahir hota hai ke yeh waqia
science se zyada shakhsi ranjishon, ego, aur siyasat se jura hua tha.
Yeh bhi samjhna zaroori hai ke Roman Catholic Church ne us waqt Aristotle aur Ptolemy ki geocentric (dharti markaz mein hai) theory ko apnaya hua tha.1 Yeh nazariya us waqt ki
science aur falsafay ka hissa tha, jise ek hazaar saal se bhi zyada muddat tak qubool kiya gaya tha. Galileo ka heliocentric (sooraj markaz mein hai) nazariya is purane falsafay se takrata tha. Toh jung asal mein science se nahi, balki ek sadiyon purane philosophical aur ilmi nazariye se thi, jise waqt ke saath mazhabi masla bana diya gaya. Galileo ko
strong suspicion of heresy ki saza mili, lekin unhein kabhi bhi torture nahi kiya gaya. Ek din ki qaid ke baad unki saza ko foran house arrest mein tabdeel kar diya gaya, jahan unhone apni baaqi zindagi guzaari.
| Khasoosiyat | Galileo Ka Waqia | Islamic Golden Age |
| Mazhabi Authority | Roman Catholic Church, jisne Inquisition ke zariye aitraz kiya. | Alag-alag markaz (House of Wisdom), jahan hukmaran ilm ko farogh dete the. |
| Science Ka Maqsad | Ptolemy aur Aristotle ke qadeem ilmi nazriyat ko qubool karna. | Ilm ko Allah ki marifat (pehchan) aur insaniyat ki khidmat ka zariya samjhna. |
| Nateejay | Saza, house arrest, aur kitaabon par pabandi. | Hukmaranon ki sarparasti, dawat-e-ilm, aur nayi bunyadi daryaftaat. |
Islamic Golden Age: Science vs Islam Ki Misali Dosti
Jab hum science vs islam ki baat karte hain, to tareekh bilkul mukhtalif tasveer pesh karti hai. Islam ne apne maanne walon ko hamesha ilm aur hikmat ki taraf raghib kiya hai. Quran aur Hadees mein kayi jagah ilm ki fazilat bayan ki gayi hai. Quran ne insan ko tabassur (reflection) aur tafakkur (contemplation) ki daawat di hai, jiska matlab hai ke Allah ki qudrat aur uski nishaniyon par ghaur kiya jaye. Yahi bunyad thi jiske aadhar par Islamic Golden Age (8th se 14th sadi) ki tehzeeb parwaan chadhi.
Is daur mein, scientists ko muqaddas (sacred) nazar se dekha jata tha aur ilm ko Allah ki ibadat ka zariya samjha jata tha. Baghdad mein House of Wisdom jaisay idaray science aur falsafay ki tarraqi ke markaz the, jahan duniya bhar ke aloom (knowledge) ka tarjuma kiya jata tha. Khilafat-e-Abbasia ke hukmaran ne maahir scientists ko apni sarparasti mein rakha aur unhein apni tehqeeq jari rakhne ki mukammal azadi di.
Scientific Advancement in Islam: Muslim Scientists Ki Azeem Daryaftaat
Muslim scientists ne mukhtalif shobon mein aisi bunyad rakhi jin par aaj bhi modern science ka daromadar hai. Yeh ilm ki dosti sirf nazriyati nahi thi, balke isne kai ahem daryaftaat ko janam diya.
1. Ibn al-Haytham: Optics Aur Scientific Method Ka Baap
Ibn al-Haytham, jinhein Europe mein Alhazen ke naam se jaana jata tha, sirf ek scientist nahi the, wo ilm-e-tahqeeq (scientific method) ke bunyadguzar the. Unhone 7 jildon par mushtamil kitaab
Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Book of Optics) likhi, jise medieval daur ki sab se ahem kitaab samjha jata hai. Unka sab se bada kaam
qadeem Greek nazriye ko ghalat sabit karna tha, jiske mutabiq aankh se shuaa (rays) nikal kar cheezon ko dekhti hai. Unhone tajurbaat aur mushahidat ke zariye sabit kiya ke hum cheezon ko is liye dekhte hain kyunke roshni unse takra kar hamari aankhon mein dakhil hoti hai.
Unka sab se aham kaam unka scientific method tha. Unhone tajurbaat (experiments), mushahidat (observation), aur dalail (proof) ke zariye apne nazariyat ko sabit kiya. Unki is bunyadi daryaft ne na sirf optics aur vision ki field ko badal diya, balke modern experimental science ki bunyad bhi rakhi. Unke kaam ne camera obscura (jis par photography ka daromadar hai) aur lens technology ki bunyad bhi rakhi.
2. Al-Khwarizmi: Algebra Aur Algorithm Ke Baap
Al-Khwarizmi, ek aur azeem Muslim scientist, jinhein aam taur par algebra aur algorithm ka baap kaha jata hai. Unki kitaab Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr waʾl-muqābala se algebra ka naam nikla hai, jisse unhone riyazi ko ek alag shobay (branch) ke taur par pesh kiya. Unke naam se
algorithm ka lafz nikla hai, jo aaj computer science aur technology ki bunyad hai.
Unka kaam sirf tehqeeq ke liye nahi tha, balke iska ek maqsad tha. Unhone arithmetic aur geometry ko wirasat, tijarat, aur zameen ki paimaish jaise masail hal karne ke liye istemal kiya. Aur yeh sab Islami shariat aur qanoon ke mutabiq tha. Unke kaam ko Caliph Al-Ma’mun ne farogh diya, jisse ilm aur hukumat ki gehri dosti zahir hoti hai.
Yeh misalein wazeh karti hain ke science vs islam ki behas mein Islam ne hamesha ilm aur Scientific Advancement ka sath diya hai.
Material Development Aur Foundational Science Mein Faraq
Aksar log material development aur foundational science mein farq nahi kar paate. Material development ka matlab hai maujooda scientific usoolon ko istemal karke nayi cheezein banana, jaise helicopter, computer ya jet. Iske bar-aks,
foundational science woh hai jab koi naya scientific usool ya nazariya daryaft kiya jaye jis par nayi technology ki bunyad rakhi ja sake, jaise optics ya algebra ke bunyadi usool. Is farq ko samajhna zaroori hai.
Galileo ke daur mein jo saari cheezein ho rahi thin, woh foundational science ki bunyad rakh rahi theen. Jis shakhs ne sabse pehle motor banayi, ya jis ne pehli baar telescope ke liye lens banaya, uski daryaft foundational science thi. Kyunke uske paas koi bunyad nahi thi. Lekin us bunyad par
helicopter ya wind turbine banana material development hai, jo ke pehle se maujood usoolon par hota hai. Is tarah Islamic Golden Age mein jo kaam hua, woh zyada tar foundational science tha jisne aage ki civilization ke liye rasta banaya.
Ethical Frameworks Ka Kirdar: Science Ki Rooh
Science sirf facts ka majmooa nahi hai, balke yeh is baat ka izhar hai ke ek samaaj kis maqsad ke liye ilm hasil karta hai. Har tehzeeb ki science uske bunyadi ehlaqi nazriyat se judi hoti hai. Qadeem Yunani aur Roman falsafay ki bunyad par Western civilization ki science aksar foji (military) ya shehri (urban) zarooriyat ke liye thi, jaise sarkein aur aqueducts banane ke liye.
Islamic civilization mein, ilm aur tehqeeq ka maqsad Allah ki ibadat aur insaniyat ki khidmat tha. Jab Al-Khwarizmi ne algebra banaya, to uska maqsad Islami wirasat ke qanoon jaise masail hal karna tha. Yeh ek alag maqsad tha, jo ilm aur iman ke darmiyan aik gehra aur mazboot talluq qaim karta tha.
Aaj, jab science atomic bombs aur mass destruction ke hathyar banati hai, to humein moral reasoning ki zaroorat padti hai. Moral reasoning aur religious ethics science ko yeh batati hain ke kya sahi hai aur kya ghalat. Ek
scientist jo sirf scientific advancement ke peeche bhagta hai, woh samajh nahi pata ke uski ijad ka sahi ya ghalat istemal kya hai. Isiliye, Islam aur Science ka talluq bahut ahem hai, kyunke yeh science ko insaniyat ki bhalai ke liye istemal karne ka rasta dikhata hai.
Nateeja (Conclusion)
Aakhir mein, yeh baat wazeh ho jati hai ke Galileo ka waqia, jise aksar science vs religion ki jung ke taur par pesh kiya jata hai, dar-asal aik pecheeda historical waqia tha jiska talluq siyasi, shakhsi aur institutional masail se tha. Iske bar-aks, Islamic Golden Age ki tareekh ek mukhtalif aur behtareen misal hai. Yeh dikhati hai ke science vs islam ki behas mein agar ek tehzeeb ka maqsad ilm ki sarparasti ho, aur uska aqeeda ilm ko ibadat aur insaniyat ki khidmat samjhe, to science aur mazhab ek doosre ke mukhalif nahi, balke aik doosre ke madadgaar sabit hote hain.
Aaj ke daur mein bhi hamare liye zaroori hai ke hum satah par pesh kiye jane walay dalail ko na dekhen, balke unke peeche chhupe bunyadi faraq aur gehri wajuhaat ko samjhen. Islam aur Science ki dosti aaj bhi mumkin aur zaroori hai, taake science insaniyat ke liye faide aur bhalai ka zariya bane.
FAQs
- Q1: Al-Khwarizmi ko “Algebra ka Baap” kyun kehte hain?
- A1: Unhone sabse pehle algebra ko ek alag riyazi (mathematics) ke shobay ke taur par banaya. Unki kitaab se hi algebra ka naam nikla hai aur unke kaam ne is naye shobay ko mustaqil bunyad di.
- Q2: Science ko Islam mein kya muqaam hasil hai?
- A2: Tareekhi taur par, bilkul nahi. Islamic Golden Age mein hukmaranon ne scientists ki sarparasti ki. Science ko Quran ki ayat ke zariye Allah ki qudrat ko samajhne ka zariya samjha jata tha, jiski wajah se ilm ko farogh mila.
- Q3: Material development aur foundational science mein kya farq hai?
- A3: Foundational science ka matlab hai naye scientific usool ya nazariye daryaft karna, jaise optics ya algebra ke usool. Jabke material development ka matlab hai in maujooda usoolon ko istimal karke nayi cheezein banana, jaise computer ya helicopter.
- Q4: Galileo ko uske mutabiq kya saza mili?
- A4: Use strong suspicion of heresy ki saza mili. Use torture nahi kiya gaya, aur uski saza ko foran house arrest mein tabdeel kar diya gaya, jahan unhone apni baqi zindagi guzaari.
